Smart Steps, Treating Baltimore's Drug Problem

Appendix A

Baltimore’s Social and Economic Indicators[289]
Indicator	Baltimore	Maryland	United States
Per Capita Personal Income (1998)	$24,750	$30,557	$27,203
Unemployment Rate (1999)	7.1	3.5	4.2
Percentage of Residents in Poverty (1995) All Ages Under Age 18	24.0 36.3	9.2 13.2	13.8 20.8
Percent Low Birth Weight Babies (1997)	14.1	8.7	7.6
Percent of Teens Who Are High School Dropouts (Ages 16-19) (1990)	21.3	7.0	10.0
Crimes per 100,000 Residents (1998) Property Crime Rate Violent Crime Rate	8,527 2,420	4,569 797	4,049 556
Percent Population Change, 1990-1999	-14.0	+8.2	+9.7

1 For Detroit, data for all of Wayne County rather than the city itself are presented for the income, poverty and dropout indicators, and Detroit’s number of IDU-related AIDS cases is an estimate based on the total number of AIDS cases in the city and the proportion of AIDS cases in the metropolitan area considered to be IDU-related.

2 The Deprivation Index ranks the largest U.S. cities based on poverty rate, educational attainment, unemployment rate, percent of population that are non-English speakers, per capita income and crime rate. The Child Welfare Index ranks the same cities based on child poverty rate, births to teenage mothers, low birth weight babies, female headed households and infant mortality rates.

3 For Baltimore, data on arrestee drug test positives are from 1995; for Washington, D.C. data on female arrestees are from 1998.

Peter L. Beilenson, M.D., M.P.H.
Commissioner, Baltimore City Health Department

Georges C. Benjamin, M.D.
Secretary, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene

Jay Chunn, Ph.D.
Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs, Morgan State University

Bonnie Cypull, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Acting President, Baltimore Substance Abuse Systems, Inc.

Lamont W. Flanagan, J.D.
Commissioner, Division of Pretrial Detention and Services
Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services

Donald Fry, J.D.
Executive Vice President and General Counsel, Greater Baltimore Committee

Paul T. Graziano
Commissioner, Baltimore City Department of Housing and Community Development

Elaine McDowell-Johnson, Ph.D.
Principal Investigator, Friends Research Institute

Theresa Mitchell, M.E.D., L.C.P.C.
Accreditation Manager, Johnson, Bassin & Shaw, Inc.

Robert Schwartz, M.D.
Medical Director, Friends Research Institute
Program Officer, Open Society Institute-Baltimore

Stuart Simms
Secretary, Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services

Maxine D. Winbush
Income Maintenance Specialist, Maryland Department of Human Resources

Robert Brooner, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Barry Brown, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Wilmington

Ernest Drucker, Ph.D.
Professor and Division Director, Public Health and Policy Research, Montefiore Medical Center

Bronx, New York
Barbara A. Garcia
Deputy Director of Health, City and County of San Francisco

Jerome Jaffe, M.D.
Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Maryland at Baltimore City

Elaine McDowell-Johnson, Ph.D.
Principal Investigator, Friends Research Institute

Beny Primm, M.D.
Executive Director, Addiction Research and Treatment Corporation
Brooklyn, New York

David Vlahov, Ph.D.
Director, Center for Urban Epidemiological Studies, New York Academy of Medicine

Eric Wish, Ph.D.
Professor and Director, Center for Substance Abuse Research, University of Maryland at College Park

George Woody, M.D.
Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

[289]. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Affairs (BEA). Per capita personal income, 1998: Baltimore ($24,750); Maryland ($30,557); United States ($27,203).

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Unemployment rate, 1999: Baltimore (7.1 percent); Maryland (3.5 percent); United States (4.2 percent).

U.S. Census Bureau. Percentage of residents in poverty, 1995: Baltimore (24.0 percent); Maryland (9.2 percent); United States (13.8 percent). Percentage of residents under age 18 in poverty, 1995: Baltimore (36.3 percent); Maryland (13.2 percent); United States (20.8 percent).

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Percent low birth weight babies, 1997: Baltimore (14.1 percent); Maryland (8.7 percent); United States (7.6 percent).

U.S. Census Bureau. Percent of teens who are high school dropouts, 1990: Baltimore (21.3 percent); Maryland (7.0 percent); United States (10.0 percent).

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Property crime rate per 100,000 residents, 1998: Baltimore (8,527); Maryland (4,569); United States (4,049). Violent crime rate per 100,000 residents, 1998: Baltimore (2,420); Maryland (797); United States (556).

U.S. Census Bureau. Percent population change, 1990-1999: Baltimore (- 14.0 percent); Maryland (+ 8.2 percent); United States (+ 9.7 percent).

[290]. U.S. Census Bureau. Median household income, 1995: Baltimore ($25,918); Detroit [Wayne County] ($32,382); San Francisco ($37,854); Washington, D.C. ($33,682).

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Unemployment rate, 1999: Baltimore (7.1 percent); Detroit (7.0 percent); San Francisco (3.0 percent); Washington, D.C. (6.3 percent).

U.S. Census Bureau. Percent of residents in poverty, 1995: Baltimore (24.0 percent); Detroit [Wayne County] (20.6 percent); San Francisco (12.3 percent); Washington, D.C. (20.8). Percentage of residents under age 18 in poverty, 1995: Baltimore (36.3 percent); Detroit [Wayne County] (34.8 percent); San Francisco (20.6 percent); Washington, D.C. (36.8 percent).

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Percent low birth weight babies, 1997: Baltimore (14.1 percent); Detroit (12.6 percent); San Francisco (6.6 percent); Washington, D.C. (13.4 percent).

U.S. Census Bureau. Percent of teens who are high school dropouts, 1990: Baltimore (21.3 percent); Detroit [Wayne County] (15.0 percent); San Francisco (8.9 percent); Washington, D.C. (13.9 percent).

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Property crime rate per 100,000 residents, 1998: Baltimore (8,527); Detroit (9,349); San Francisco (5,234); Washington, D.C. (7,110). Violent crime rate per 100,000 residents, 1998: Baltimore (2,420); Detroit (2,443); San Francisco (990); Washington, D.C. (1,719).

D. Andrulis & N. Goodman. The Social and Health Landscape of Urban and Suburban America. Chicago, IL: American Hospital Association Press, 1999. Deprivation Index, 1996 (1=best, 98=worst): Baltimore (88); Detroit (96); San Francisco (27); Washington, D.C. (49). Child Welfare Index, 1996 (1=best, 100=worst): Baltimore (95); Detroit (100); San Francisco (15); Washington, D.C. (90).

U.S. Census Bureau. Percent population change, 1990-1999: Baltimore (- 14.0 percent); Detroit (- 6.1 percent); San Francisco (+ 3.2 percent); Washington, D.C. (- 14.5 percent).

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Emergency Department drug episodes per 100,000 residents (metropolitan area), 1998: Baltimore (592); Detroit (409); San Francisco (569); Washington, D.C. (303).

T. Gray & E. Wish. Substance Abuse Need for Treatment among Arrestees (SANTA) in Maryland. College Park, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Research (CESAR), University of Maryland, May 1998. Percent of Baltimore adult arrestees testing positive for illicit drugs, 1995: males, 69 percent; females, 75 percent.

U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice (NIJ). Percent of adult arrestees testing positive for illicit drugs, 1999: Detroit [Wayne County catchment area] (males, 65 percent; females, 69 percent); Washington, D.C. (males, 69 percent; females [1998], 65 percent).

Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, AIDS Administration, Center for Epidemiology and Health Services Research. Number of injection drug use-related AIDS cases diagnosed in Baltimore, 1990-1998: 5,691 (63.4 percent of the 8,971 total AIDS cases diagnosed).

Michigan Department of Community Health, HIV/AIDS Surveillance Section. Quarterly HIV/AIDS Analysis. January 2000. Number of injection drug use-related AIDS cases diagnosed in Detroit, 1990-1998: 1,400. Estimate calculated by Drug Strategies based on 4,760 cumulative AIDS cases diagnosed in Detroit and based on research showing that 29 percent of AIDS cases ever diagnosed in Michigan have been IDU-related. Assuming that two-thirds of Detroit’s AIDS cases have been diagnosed from 1990-1998 and that the proportion of IDU-related AIDS cases in Detroit is 50 percent higher than in the state as a whole (44 percent compared to 29 percent), then 4,760 x .67 x .44 = estimated 1,403 IDU-related AIDS cases diagnosed in Detroit, 1990-1998.

San Francisco Department of Public Health, AIDS Surveillance Unit. Annual AIDS Surveillance Report 1998. 1999. Number of injection drug use-related AIDS cases diagnosed in San Francisco, 1990-1998: 3,544 (21.5 percent of the 16,447 total AIDS cases diagnosed).

District of Columbia Department of Health, Administration for HIV/AIDS. Number of injection drug use-related AIDS cases diagnosed in Washington, D.C., 1990-1998: 3,800 (estimate calculated by Drug Strategies based on 3,043 IDU-related AIDS cases diagnosed from 1991-1997).